Beatrice Hill Tinsley – cosmologist
Beatrice Hill Tinsley – cosmologist
- Changing scientific ideas
- Advances in science and technology
- Biography
- 1898
The universe is eternal and unchanging
Public domain NASA
Until the early 1900s it is thought that the universe had no beginning, will stay the same for ever and is uniform everywhere. All stars are the same and unchanging. Everything in the night sky is inside the Milky Way.
- 1901
The universe has a structure
In the early 1900s it is discovered that electromagnetic radiation from stars shows that they are not all the same. The Milky Way is shown to have a spiral shape – there is structure in the universe.
- 1912
The universe measured
Public domain
Henrietta Leavitt uses variable stars to measure distances.
- 1914
Stars change
Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell create a diagram relating star brightness to colour. They think stars have a life cycle.
- 1917
The universe is unchanging
Public domain
Albert Einstein develops general theory of relativity. He uses it to support the idea of an unchanging universe (he later admitted he was wrong).
- 1920
Not everything is in the Milky Way
The Huntington Library, San Marino, California
Edwin Hubble shows that galaxies are too far away to be in the Milky Way.
- 1922
The universe is expanding
Alexander Friedmann uses Einstein’s general theory of relativity to predict that the universe is expanding.
- 1923
The universe is not eternal but is changing
By now there is evidence that stars are not all the same, and they change over time. There is structure to the universe, with galaxies outside our own.
- 1927
The universe had an origin
Public domain
Georges Lemaitre pioneers the idea that the universe was made by an explosion of matter.
- 1929
The universe is not eternal, it had an origin
With new evidence that the universe is expanding, scientists begin to think that the universe had an explosive origin. This later becomes known as the Big Bang theory.
- 1929
Galaxies are moving away from us
The Huntington Library, San Marino, California
Edwin Hubble shows that the most distant galaxies are moving away fastest.
- 1941
Beatrice Hill born in England
Publishes later work under married name Tinsley, but prefers to be known as Hill Tinsley.
- 1942
First radio map of universe
Grote Reber maps many sources of radio waves in the universe, having built the first radio telescope in 1937.
- 1946
Moves to New Zealand
5-year-old Beatrice and her family move from England to New Zealand. They first live in Christchurch, before settling in New Plymouth.
- 1948
The universe is eternal but changing
The ‘steady-state theory’ suggests that, as the universe expands, new matter is continuously created to fill in the gaps.
- 1948
Term ‘Big Bang’ first used
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University
Fred Hoyle coins the term ‘Big Bang’, though he disagrees with the theory.
1948A steady-state universe?
Public domain
Hermannn Bondi, Thomas Gold and Fred Hoyle suggest new matter is continuously created to fill in the gaps as the universe expands.
- 1953
New Plymouth Girls’ High School
Beatrice attends New Plymouth Girls’ High School from 1953 to 1957. Although keen on music, Beatrice decides on astrophysics as a career, but remains a musician all her life.
- 1955
The universe is changing
Martin Ryle uses radio astronomy to show there is an uneven distribution of galaxies and that there were more galaxies in the past.
- 1958
Canterbury University
Beatrice is one of very few women studying maths and physics at the time. She gets MSc in physics in 1963.
- 1961
Marries Brian Tinsley
Brian is an astrophysicist and a fellow student.
- 1963
Moves to America
Brian gets a university job in Dallas, Texas. Beatrice wants her own career as scientist but, like many women at the time, finds it hard to be accepted.
- 1965
Big Bang theory generally accepted
New evidence convinces most cosmologists that there had been a ‘Big Bang’. This is the end of the steady-state theory.
In this video Dr David Krofcheck talks about the Big Bang theory.
- 1965
Remnants of Big Bang
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discover the remnants of a Big Bang, called microwave background radiation. It had been predicted in 1948.
- 1966
Adopts first child
Baby Alan adopted from New Zealand.
- 1967
Beatrice Hill Tinsley’s PhD thesis published
The thesis Evolution of galaxies and its significance for cosmology is a major advance, using data in computer models – an amazing effort, considering the computer technology available at this time.
- 1967
Awarded PhD
Theodora Lee-Smith
Beatrice continues to struggle to have her work accepted in a male-dominated field.
- 1968
Adopts second child
Baby Teresa adopted from Dallas, Texas.
- 1973
A universe from nothing
Rob Robbins
Edward Tyron suggests that the universe could have been created from absolutely nothing.
- 1974
Expanding universe
With Richard Gott, James Gunn and David Schramm, Beatrice Hill Tinsley publishes an important cosmology paper. It provides data and arguments to support an expanding universe.
- 1974
Divorces Brian
The couple’s divorce enables Beatrice to pursue her own career.
- 1975
Moves to Yale University
The start of a huge impact on cosmology, with Beatrice publishing over 100 papers during her lifetime and also becoming a teacher and mentor of students.
- 1978
Made Professor at Yale
Beatrice becomes the first female professor of astronomy at Yale. She is diagnosed with a melanoma the same year.
- 1980
Inflationary universe
Alan Guth develops a model for the birth of the universe – called ‘inflationary universe’ – including an expansion much faster than that predicted in the Big Bang theory.
1980Beatrice publishes important review
The paper “Evolution of the stars and gas in galaxies” becomes an important basis for cosmology for many years.
- 1981
Beatrice dies of cancer, aged 40
Despite surgery and chemotherapy, the cancer spreads, and Beatrice dies in 1981, aged 40.
1981Asteroid Beatrice Tinsley
Asteroid 3087, a minor planet, is discovered at Mt John Observatory, New Zealand, and named in honour of Beatrice Tinsley.
- 1986
Tinsley Prize
The American Astronomical Society names an award in her honour.
- 1987
Largest structure in the universe
Brent Tully
Brent Tully announces largest known super-cluster of galaxies – the largest structure in the universe.
- 1992
Wrinkles in space
The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite detects variations in cosmic microwave background radiation of the early universe. Dense areas are ‘seeds’ for formation of galaxies.
- 1993
Big Bang part of science culture
13,099 entries are received in an international competition to rename the ‘Big Bang’. Judges decide to keep the original name.
- 2001
Universe in a nutshell
Public domain
Stephen Hawking publishes The universe in a nutshell – a book that brings modern cosmology to the public eye.
- 2008
Oldest galaxy
NASA space telescopes use gravitational lensing to detect a galaxy 13 billion light years away. This is the oldest galaxy known, formed just 750 million years after the Big Bang.
- 2009
Beatrice Tinsley Institute
University of Canterbury forms the Beatrice Tinsley Institute for New Zealand Astronomy and Astrophysics.
- 2012
Annual lecture series
The Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand start an annual series of astronomical lectures named after Beatrice.
Transcript
Changing scientific ideas
Each specialised field of science has key ideas and ways of doing things. Over time, these ideas and techniques can be revised or replaced in the light of new research. Most changes to key science ideas are only accepted gradually, tested through research by many people.
Advances in science and technology
All scientists build their research and theories on the knowledge of earlier scientists, and their work will inform other scientists in the future. A scientist may publish hundreds of scientific reports, but only a few are mentioned here.
Biography
This part of the timeline outlines just a few events in the personal life of the featured person, some of which influenced their work as a scientist.
CHANGING SCIENTIFIC IDEAS
The universe is eternal and unchanging – 1898
From the late 1800s to the early 1900s it is thought that the universe had no beginning, will stay the same for ever and is uniform everywhere. All stars are the same and unchanging. Everything in the night sky is inside the Milky Way.
Image: Released into the public domain by NASA
The universe is not eternal and is changing – 1923
By the 1920s there is evidence that stars are not all the same, and they change over time. There is structure to the universe, with galaxies outside our own.
The universe is not eternal, it had an origin – 1929
With new evidence that the universe is expanding, scientists begin to think that the universe had an explosive origin. This later becomes known as the Big Bang theory.
The universe is eternal but changing – 1948
The ‘steady-state theory’ suggests that, as the universe expands, new matter is continuously created to fill in the gaps.
Big Bang theory generally accepted – 1965
By the mid 1960s new evidence convinces most cosmologists that there had been a ‘Big Bang’. This is the end of the steady-state theory.
ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
The universe has a structure – 1901
In the early 1900s is is discovered that electromagnetic radiation from stars shows that they are not all the same. The Milky Way is shown to have a spiral shape – there is structure in the universe.
The universe measured – 1912
Henrietta Leavitt uses variable stars to measure distances.
Image: Public domain
Stars change – 1914
Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell create a diagram relating star brightness to colour. They think stars have a life cycle.
The universe is unchanging – 1917
Albert Einstein develops general theory of relativity. He uses it to support the idea of an unchanging universe (he later admitted he was wrong).
Image: Public domain
Not everything is in the Milky Way – 1920
Edwin Hubble shows that galaxies are too far away to be in the Milky Way.
Image: , San Marino, California
The universe is expanding – 1922
Alexander Friedmann uses Einstein’s general theory of relativity to predict that the universe is expanding.
The universe had an origin – 1927
Georges Lemaitre pioneers the idea that the universe was made by an explosion of matter.
Image: Public domain
Galaxies are moving away from us – 1929
Edwin Hubble shows that the most distant galaxies are moving away fastest.
Image: , San Marino, California
First radio map of universe – 1942
Grote Reber maps many sources of radio waves in the universe, having built the first radio telescope in 1937.
Image:
Term ‘Big Bang’ first used – 1948
Fred Hoyle coins the term ‘Big Bang’, though he disagrees with the theory.
Image:
A steady-state universe? – 1948
Hermannn Bondi, Thomas Gold and Fred Hoyle suggest new matter is continuously created to fill in the gaps as the universe expands.
Image: Public domain
The universe is changing – 1955
Martin Ryle uses radio astronomy to show there is an uneven distribution of galaxies and that there were more galaxies in the past.
Remnants of Big Bang – 1965
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discover the remnants of a Big Bang, called microwave background radiation. It had been predicted in 1948.
Beatrice Hill Tinsley’s PhD thesis published – 1967
The thesis Evolution of galaxies and its significance for cosmology is a major advance, using data in computer models – an amazing effort, considering the computer technology available at this time.
A universe from nothing – 1973
Edward Tyron suggests that the universe could have been created from absolutely nothing.
Image: Rob Robbins
Expanding universe – 1974
With Richard Gott, James Gunn and David Schramm, Beatrice Hill Tinsley publishes an important cosmology paper. It provides data and arguments to support an expanding universe.
Beatrice publishes important review – 1980
The paper “Evolution of the stars and gas in galaxies” becomes an important basis for cosmology for many years.
Inflationary universe – 1980
Alan Guth develops a model for the birth of the universe – called ‘inflationary universe’ – including an expansion much faster than that predicted in the Big Bang theory.
Largest structure in the universe – 1987
Brent Tully announces largest known super-cluster of galaxies – the largest structure in the universe.
Image: Brent Tully
Wrinkles in space – 1992
The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite detects variations in cosmic microwave background radiation of the early universe. Dense areas are ‘seeds’ for formation of galaxies.
Big Bang part of science culture – 1993
13,099 entries are received in an international competition to rename the ‘Big Bang’. Judges decide to keep the original name.
Universe in a nutshell – 2001
Stephen Hawking publishes The universe in a nutshell – a book that brings modern cosmology to the public eye.
Image: Released into the public domain by NASA
Oldest galaxy – 2008
NASA space telescopes use gravitational lensing to detect a galaxy 13 billion light years away. This is the oldest galaxy known, formed just 750 million years after the Big Bang.
BIOGRAPHY
Beatrice Hill born in England – 1941
Publishes later work under married name Tinsley, but prefers to be known as Hill Tinsley.
Moves to New Zealand – 1946
5-year-old Beatrice and her family move from England to New Zealand. They first live in Christchurch, before settling in New Plymouth.
New Plymouth Girls’ High School – 1953
Beatrice attends New Plymouth Girls’ High School from 1953 to 1957. Although keen on music, Beatrice decides on astrophysics as a career, but remains a musician all her life.
Canterbury University – 1958
Beatrice is one of very few women studying maths and physics at the time. She gets MSc in physics in 1963.
Marries Brian Tinsley – 1961
Brian is an astrophysicist and a fellow student.
Moves to America – 1963
Brian gets a university job in Dallas, Texas. Beatrice wants her own career as scientist but, like many women at the time, finds it hard to be accepted.
Adopts first child – 1966
Baby Alan adopted from New Zealand.
Awarded PhD – 1967
Beatrice continues to struggle to have her work accepted in a male-dominated field.
Image: The NZ Listener
Adopts second child – 1968
Baby Teresa adopted from Dallas, Texas.
Divorces Brian – 1974
The couple’s divorce enables Beatrice to pursue her own career.
Moves to Yale University – 1975
The start of a huge impact on cosmology, with Beatrice publishing over 100 papers during her lifetime and also becoming a teacher and mentor of students.
Made Professor at Yale – 1978
Beatrice becomes the first female professor of astronomy at Yale. She is diagnosed with a melanoma the same year.
Dies of cancer, aged 40 – 1981
Despite surgery and chemotherapy, the cancer spreads, and Beatrice dies in 1981, aged 40.
Asteroid Beatrice Tinsley – 1981
Asteroid 3087, a minor planet, is discovered at Mt John Observatory, New Zealand, and named in honour of Beatrice Tinsley.
Tinsley Prize – 1986
The American Astronomical Society names an award in her honour.
Beatrice Tinsley Institute – 2009
University of Canterbury forms the Beatrice Tinsley Institute for New Zealand Astronomy and Astrophysics.
Annual lecture series – 2012
The Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand start an annual series of astronomical lectures named after Beatrice.
