Climate change, science and controversy
Lately I’ve noticed something odd happening in the world of science. For the first time in my lifetime, scientists are under attack.
Simon Lamb
This is geologist Simon Lamb’s opening statement in the introduction to the documentary Thin Ice – The Inside Story of Climate Science. His statement is followed with sound bites from individuals who question the science of climate change:
“It’s junk science, and it’s part of a massive international science fraud.”
“There is no scientific basis whatsoever.”
“This is a fraud and a scam and a hoax.”
NASA reports that “97% of actively publishing climate scientists agree that climate-warming trends over the past century are extremely likely due to human activities”. In other words, a small proportion of scientists working in the area disagree. Dr Lamb wondered if there was any truth to arguments being made against human-induced climate change, so he did what scientists do – he looked for evidence to test their claims.
Nature of science
Asking questions is fundamental to the process of science. New questions and new ideas are what keep scientific research growing. Scientists use evidence that has been systematically gathered to support or refute existing ideas or claims.
Science, society and culture
Scientists seek to build knowledge about the natural world. This knowledge is produced within a larger society and culture. Cultural elements such as politics, economics, power structures, religion and philosophy can – and do – affect the direction of scientific research and the acceptance of scientific findings. Conflict can come about if new evidence means the revision of existing ideas and beliefs.
Searching for the truth
Climate science and climate change are controversial topics in the social and political world. Climate scientists and their research are often under attack. Geologist Simon Lamb explains why he decided to explore the science behind global climate change in the movie Thin Ice – The Inside Story of Climate Science.
This is not a new phenomenon brought about by climate change, and Dr Lamb isn’t the first scientist to ponder claims of dishonesty and disrepute about his profession. History has many scientific and social conflicts.
There have been many famous cases of scientists clashing with the wider society in which they lived. Four hundred years ago, the Catholic Church forced Galileo Galilei to deny the heliocentric model of the cosmos – the model in which the planets revolve around the Sun rather than the Sun and planets revolving around Earth (‘helios’ means Sun, and ‘centric’ is the centre). The model had initially been put forward by another famous scientist, Nicolaus Copernicus, in 1543.
Man is but a worm
Caricature of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution from 1882. The image was published in a Punch almanac after Darwin released The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms.
Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution also caused controversy, but not all of it came from the religious or social views of the time. Fellow scientists felt Darwin did not have enough evidence to back up his claims.
Darwin’s theory of evolution
There are two key factors that drive evolution. Another factor can really help to speed up evolution. What is this third factor and how does it work?
In 1992, 359 years after his trial, Galileo received a pardon from Pope John Paul II. Wider acceptance of Darwin’s evolutionary theory came more quickly. Fifty years after his theory was published, genetic inheritance was discovered. Subsequent scientific research and observation have provided such a range of evidence that most – but not all – people accept evolution as an explanation for new and changing life forms.
Cigarettes, science and scepticism
The tobacco industry is a more contemporary example of societal conflicts with science. This time, the clash did not come from religious or philosophical arguments but from economics and politics. In the 1950s, compelling scientific evidence linked smoking with respiratory and cardiac disease. Rather than deny this evidence, the tobacco industry chose to counter these findings with research of their own.
Cigarettes
Exposure to different chemicals can increase your risk of cancer. For example, exposure to the chemicals in tobacco smoke is a major risk factor for the development of lung cancer.
Scientists, by their very nature, are sceptical. The tobacco industry tapped into this scepticism and funded research projects that questioned the health effects of smoking. They also paid for and widely publicised research that contradicted findings about health risks. Critics accused the tobacco industry of working to squash the unfavourable medical evidence – and create doubt and controversy around the health risks.
After decades of robust research – and public denials from tobacco companies – few people doubt that smoking causes lung and heart diseases, but knowing that you might be damaging your health in the long term isn’t always enough to get people to stop smoking!
Climate change, controversy and the nature of science
Today, climate scientists are being challenged by those who doubt or deny that climate change is caused by human activities. As with evolution and health risks from tobacco, opposition comes from within the science community as well as from social or political structures. After all, it is the role of science to question, to support or disprove evidence and to revise science knowledge accordingly, but it is a small group of scientists who dispute the role of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change.
Opposition exists, but dealing with opposition in a systematic and evidenced-based manner is one of the hallmarks of science.
Related content
The Connected article Fake facts looks at misinformation, malinformation and disinformation in the online media landscape. It also suggests strategies for evaluating whether information is based on facts and whether it is worth sharing.
The ClimateViz citizen science project needs help interpreting climate change graphics to help combat misinformation and support scientific communication.
Climate change resources
Climate change – a wicked problem for classroom inquiry provides a wide range of opportunities to learn about the nature of science and science capabilities and to link science content knowledge to a current socio-scientific issue.
Our interactive planning pathways and teacher PLD on climate change resources provide excellent support for teachers wanting to use this wicked problem to promote science learning in their classroom.
Greenhouse effect explains the natural warming of the Earth’s atmosphere. Most scientists agree that the rise in greenhouse gas production is linked to human activities.
The Science Made Simple video Greenhouse gases provides a simple and concise explanation of greenhouse gases and how they function.
The Science Learning Hub team has curated a collection of resources related to climate change. Login to make this collection part of your private collection, just click on the copy icon. You can then add additional content, notes and make other changes. Registering an account for the Science Learning Hubs is easy and free – sign up with your email address or Google account. Look for the Sign in button at the top of each page.
Useful links
This article from The Conversation looks at how information can be twisted: We're climate researchers and our work was turned into fake news.
Climate Feedback is a global network of scientists that fact checks climate change news by providing feedback on the scientific accuracy of the online media articles.
NASA’s Climate change: How do we know? page presents evidence that changes over the last century are very likely due to human influence.
The Royal Society Te Apārangi Human Health Impacts of Climate Change for New Zealand (PDF) paper describes the human health impacts of climate change for New Zealand.
The Ministry of Education's Climate Change Learning Programme is a level 4 programme focused on climate change that includes specific student activities; the wellbeing guide focuses on student wellbeing and hauora when navigating climate change as an area of learning and action. Many of the suggestions are relevant to other learning levels.
See the 2023 Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor report, He Uru Kahikatea Building young people’s resilience through media and information literacy and digital citizenship skills’. It proposes solutions to equip young people to understand how scientific evidence is generated, how uncertainty is communicated and how knowledge changes and advances.
Our Science communication – sorting fact from fiction Pinterest Board curates resources that will aid educators in looking not only at science communication but also science and society.
Acknowledgement
Thin Ice – The Inside Story of Climate Science, a David Sington/Simon Lamb film, looks at what’s really happening with global warming by filming scientists at work in the Arctic, the Antarctic and around the world. It gives a 56-minute view of the range of human activity and scientific work being undertaken to understand the world’s changing climate. The result is a unique exploration of the science behind global warming and an intimate portrait of a global community of researchers racing to understand our planet’s changing climate.
The Science Learning Hub has produced a series of articles using short video resources produced by the Thin Ice team. The film itself is available by emailing thiniceclimate@vuw.ac.nz. It is recommended viewing to give students context for the Hub’s articles and the videos they contain. The link for streaming is available free of charge. The DVD is also available to New Zealand schools for $20 to cover costs.
Learn more at www.thiniceclimate.org.
