Dead as the moa – oral traditions show that early Māori recognised extinction
An interdisciplinary team of conservation biologist Priscilla Wehi, mātauranga Māori and linguistics expert Tom Roa, computational biologist Murray Cox and Māori linguist Hēmi Whaanga sought to understand how early Māori perceived and responded to species extinction and ecological crises. This is their own summary of aspects of that research, republished from The Conversation under Creative Commons licence CC BY-ND 4.0.
Museums throughout Aotearoa New Zealand feature displays of enormous articulated skeletons and giant eggs. The eggs are bigger than two hands put together. This is all that remains of the moa.
Tracing extinctions that happened centuries ago is difficult, but our collaborative analysis of ancestral sayings, or whakataukī, found that early Māori paid attention to their local fauna and environment and recognised the extinction of these giant, flightless birds that were an important food resource.
After Europeans arrived, some whakataukī used moa as a metaphor for the feared extinction of the indigenous Māori people themselves, which emphasises the powerful cultural impact the extinction of moa had.
To go the way of the moa
Moa once walked the uplands and forests of Aotearoa New Zealand, before they were hunted to extinction some 500 years ago. Although moa belong to a time long gone, their story still packs a powerful punch, especially as we attempt to save the many threatened species at risk of disappearing in our own time.
Haast’s eagle
This giant Haast’s eagle used to prey on moa. When the numbers of moa decreased, this huge predator died out forever.
Although we know when moa disappeared, and why, we know far less about how people alive then responded to the giant birds’ extinction. The loss of the world’s big animals – megafauna including mammoths, cave bears, giant kangaroos – is a repeating theme. These extinctions mostly happened so long ago that we can no longer flesh out the relationships humans had with these species, except in bare bones terms.
But New Zealand was one of the last places on Earth that people settled (around AD 1280), and Māori oral traditions retain clues about the species these early settlers discovered and the ecological relationships they forged.
E koekoe te tūī, e ketekete te kākā, e kūkū te kererū. The tūī chatters, the parrot gabbles, the wood pigeon coos.
Collaborative efforts to study the past
It takes all kinds to study the past. Our team includes a conservation biologist, a linguist, a bioinformaticist and experts in Māori culture . Together, we delved into the wealth of ecological knowledge embedded in Māori oral traditions. We unpicked language cues, historical events and cultural contexts to understand habitats, animals, landscapes and the relationships between them.
Many whakataukī (pithy sayings like English proverbs) reveal intimate observations about nature. The link between flowering times and animal activity exposes seasonal cycles. Whakataukī note the abundance of food resources.
Of those that refer to birds, a disproportionate number talk about moa. What they looked like. How they trampled through the forest with their heads in the air. How best to eat them.
He koromiko te wahie i taona ai te moa. The moa was cooked with the wood of the koromiko.
Oral traditions can be highly practical. Māori whakataukī are no exception. Many refer to large birds that made excellent meals, from tītī (muttonbirds) to shags. This tallies with the abundance of bones from large bird species that are found in the rubbish dumps of New Zealand archaeological sites.
But whakataukī tell us more. Sometimes, what is missing from a body of knowledge reveals more than what is actually there. We searched the whakataukī for bird species that became extinct in the first few centuries after Māori arrived in New Zealand. There were none, apart from moa and the giant eagle, or pouākai, that preyed on moa. Pouākai tracked moa on the highway to extinction.
We know that many large bird species existed at this time – giant adzebills, a large goose, the New Zealand raven. But their Māori names are lost. Extinction is reflected in the whakataukī, but sometimes in the gaps.
Kua ngaro i te ngaro o te moa. Lost as the moa was lost.
Disappearing species and disappearing language
Losing the names of birds that died out centuries ago illustrates one powerful connection between language, culture and biodiversity. When a species goes extinct, the words and knowledge associated with that species start to disappear from the world too. This extinction pattern is particularly acute in oral cultures .
The extinct huia
The last confirmed sighting of the huia (Heteralocha acutirostris) was in 1907. This illustration from Sir Walter Buller’s A History of the Birds of New Zealand shows a male and female huia perched in a tītoki tree.
In contrast, we still recall the birds that went extinct after European arrival – huia, piopio, koreke (the New Zealand quail), whēkau (the laughing owl). The changes wreaked on our environment over the last two centuries remain abundantly clear.
Many whakataukī highlight the disappearance of the moa, a sign that moa represented more than just another extinction. They were a poster species. A hashtag. Many sayings lament the loss of the moa, using different words and different phrasing, but with an echo that repeats over and over.
Huna i te huna a te moa. Hidden as the moa hid.
Māori recalled the moa after Europeans arrived, too. Māori were suffering badly from diseases and deprivation in the late 1800s. It was as though the Māori world was being felled along with the forests. There was a very real fear among both Māori and Europeans that Māori people and culture would also disappear, just like the moa.
Ka ngaro ā-moa te iwi nei. The people will disappear like the moa.
Thankfully, of course, the Māori world is growing. Its whakataukī speak of ecology and history, but more than this, they highlight timeless issues, as relevant today as when they were written, framed as observations of the natural world. A recurrent underlying reminder is that our own future is directly interconnected with our environment. Let’s listen to the lessons in whakataukī so we can create an enduring legacy for the future.
Whaowhia te kete mātauranga . Fill the basket of knowledge.
Related content
The article Whakataukī provides the history and meaning behind a few of the whakataukī of Waikato-Tainui iwi.
Read about Dr Fiona Petchey's contribution to new research that shows ancestral Māori adapted quickly in the face of rapid climate change.
Useful links
The authors of this article included a number of links to related research papers and articles.
DNA evidence suggests humans hunted moa to extinction is a summary of the research paper Extinct New Zealand megafauna were not in decline before human colonization
In a few centuries, cows could be the largest land animals left – a column by Ed Yong from The Atlantic.
To better understand evidence that underpins knowledge of New Zealand as one of the last places to be settled by humans, read Dating the late prehistoric dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand using the commensal Pacific rat.
The authors have also published the article Māori oral traditions record and convey indigenous knowledge of marine and freshwater resources in the New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2018.1488749.
Acknowledgement
This article was written by Priscilla Wehi (conservation biologist, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research), Hēmi Whaanga (Associate Professor, University of Waikato) and Murray Cox (computational biologist, Massey University). The research detailed was funded by Royal Society of New Zealand Te Apārangi.
The article was originally published on The Conversation, 6 September 2018. Read the original article.
Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research
Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research is a crown research institute. Its core purpose is to drive innovation in the management of terrestrial biodiversity and land resources.
The Conversation
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