What are slow slips?
Usually we know that earthquakes have occurred by shaking of the ground and objects, obvious ground movement or by seismometer readings but scientists have discovered to their surprise that large areas of land in the North Island are silently and slowly moving towards the east by up to 30 millimetres, but this movement doesn’t even show up on seismographs. These movements are called slow slip events.
Slow slip event – an animation
Slow slips are silent earthquakes that occur below the Earth’s surface over a large area, unlike traditional earthquakes we feel that occur in a relatively small region.
Before discovering slow slip events, earthquakes were thought to be the only way the Earth’s crust could relieve the pent-up stresses caused by the moving tectonic plates.
Scientists are now actively working to understand the relationship between slow slips and earthquakes. There is evidence of earthquake swarms accompanying some slow slip events, suggesting a slow slip may increase stress in surrounding areas and could push an already stressed fault closer to rupture. However, in other cases, slow slip events can relieve stress on a fault, and this might postpone an earthquake.
Understanding the relationship between slow slip events and earthquakes and the collation of slow slip data will enable better earthquake forecast modelling.
This animation is a visualisation of a slow slip event.
What causes slow slip events?
New Zealand lies above a subduction zone where the rocks of the Pacific plate are pushing under the Australian plate. Many things happen at the interface between the two plates. Deep down, perhaps 70 kilometres or more, the rocks are heated and softened, and the plates slide steadily past each other without much sticking, but nearer the surface, there is a lot of friction between the moving plates. They tend to stick, building up tension – this is called the ‘locked interface’.
Every now and then, the rocks slip suddenly, releasing the stress and sending waves of energy through the surrounding rock. We feel this as an earthquake. Between these two areas may be a transition zone, where the rocks are only partly stuck and where friction is such that stresses between plates only build up slightly before being released. This results in slow rather than fast releases of energy, though still enough to deform the surface. A movement of 30 mm at the surface possibly resulted from a slip of 300 mm at the interface.
Spotting slow slips
Slow slip events have probably been going on for a long time, but they have not been recognised. Most of New Zealand’s surface is gradually moving as a result of normal tectonic movement. Until recently, annual measurements could only give a broad snapshot that showed a fairly constant rate of change. This all changed with the use of networks of continuously recording global positioning system (CGPS) stations, which is able to accurately detect tiny ground movements – the equivalent to you moving about 20 cm very slowly over two weeks!
Daily data collection helped scientists see that the gradual surface movement in some regions occasionally changed direction and speed for periods ranging from days to months. These slow slip events were first observed in New Zealand in 2002, shortly after they had been found in Japan and Canada.
GPS station
Tiny ground movements can be detected by using a network of continuously recording global positioning system (GPS) stations.
A GPS station is also known as a GPS receiver.
Studying slow slips
Slow slip events have occurred in Gisborne, Hastings, Wanganui, Ashhurst, Dannevirke and Paekākāriki. Some take a few days, and others take many months. One of the best documented slow slip earthquakes in New Zealand occurred from January to June 2005 beneath the Manawatū region. This caused the land to move 10 to 30 mm to the east. This slow earthquake may have triggered some of the small earthquakes in the lower North Island early in 2005.
Slip deficit in the North Island
Slow slip events have occurred in Gisborne, Hastings, Wanganui, Ashurst, Dannevirke, and Paekākāriki. Some take a few days and others take many months.
A slow slip event on the Kapiti coast in 2003–2004 was followed by a swarm of small earthquakes near Upper Hutt. So is there a link between slow slips and ordinary 'fast' earthquakes? One possibility is that slow slips change the stress in the stuck interface at shallower depths above it, triggering earthquakes. If this is the case, a better understanding of slow slips may help give an extra level of earthquake warning.
Nature of science
Accurate data collection is an essential part of science. The development of continuous GPS has transformed the study of earthquakes and related events in New Zealand. This is not only because of the increase in accuracy of CGPS over previous methods but also because of the ability to collect data continuously, which enables short-lived changes in ground deformation – such as slow slip events – to be detected.
Scientists are now actively working to understand the relationship between slow slips and earthquakes. There is evidence of earthquake swarms accompanying some slow slip events, suggesting a slow slip may increase stress in surrounding areas and could push an already stressed fault closer to rupture. However, in other cases, slow slip events can relieve stress on a fault, and this might postpone an earthquake.
Understanding the relationship between slow slip events and earthquakes and the collation of slow slip data will enable better earthquake forecast modelling. It could also be of use to the Natural Hazards Commission and insurance companies, who would then be more aware of high and low risk earthquake areas.
As part of the the Australian and New Zealand IODP Consortium, international and New Zealand scientists including GNS scientist Laura Wallace are involved in 2 scientific expeditions on the Joides Resolution to target slow-slip earthquakes off the coast of Gisborne and to provide a deeper understanding of the Hikurangi plate boundary. Learn more about the research vessel Joides Resolution, and Expeditions 372 and 375 in Voyages of discovery.
Slow slips – a detective story
Dr Demian Saffer, Co-chief Scientist on the International Ocean Discovery Program expedition #375, talks to Otumoetai Intermediate School students about slow slip earthquakes. Demian, Dr Laura Wallace and the international crew spent 2 months drilling into slow slip areas to learn more about the underwater geology of the Hikurangi subduction margin.
Note: This video footage was bounced off a satellite during a Skype session on board a working research ship. The beeping in the background is the cryomagnetometer – learn more about this specialised lab machine in the video What do core samples tell us?
If you find the sound quality difficult, please refer to the transcript.
Visit the GeoNet website for an interactive multilayer map that displays the locations of GeoNet’s detection sites.
Activity idea
Use this activity with your students to explore slow slips. They plot and interpret a graph using data from an actual event in New Zealand.
Satellites and receiving stations play a key role in providing data about slow slips. Learn more about Earth movements, then build a satellite to monitor them and use this activity to interpret the data you receive.
Useful links
The Kaikaoura earthquake in November 2016 caused a slow slip between 250 and 600 km away, on the shallow part of the Hikurangi subduction zone. Read this media article with Dr Laura Wallace to learn about how this earthquake has advanced scientific knowledge of slow slip events.
Check out the Slow Slip Watch on the GeoNet website.
