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Techniques used to make transgenic cows

Scientists producing transgenic cows use a range of techniques including DNA cloning, restriction enzyme digests, ligation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), transfection, nuclear transfer and in vitro embryo production.

Scientists at AgResearch have successfully generated transgenic cows that produce extra proteins in their milk using the 7 steps described below.

Step 1. Designing the gene construct

The first step is to design a construct. The gene construct is a unit of that includes:

  • an gene – to select cells that have taken up the gene construct

  • a tissue-specific sequence – to signal the start of expression of the in cells of the appropriate tissue, for example, in mammary cells in lactating cows

  • the desired gene – for example, bovine casein or human myelin basic protein

  • a stop sequence – to define the end of the information for making the protein.

Step 2. Sourcing the transgene

In the past, the gene would have been extracted from the source organism’s DNA. Now, however, if the desired gene sequence is known, it can simply be synthesised in a lab. There are companies that make genes to order within a couple of weeks.

Step 3. Making the gene construct

Information within a gene construct.

Gene construct

A gene construct contains all the information needed for transfection into a bovine cell and expression of the desired gene in a cow. This includes an antibiotic resistance marker, a tissue-specific promoter, the transgene/gene of interest and a stop sequence.

Rights: The University of Waikato

The gene is usually supplied in a . A vector is a small piece of DNA, often a , into which a foreign piece of DNA can be inserted. When the gene of interest is in a vector, it can be sent from one lab to another, it can be stored, it can be manipulated or it can be used to transform to produce more copies of the gene of interest.

Vectors have multiple sites (also called multiple cloning sites) so the gene can be inserted into the vector and then cut out from the vector using restriction enzymes. This article has more information on r

After the gene is cut from the vector, it is then pasted into the multiple cloning site of the gene construct using a method known as . This article has more information on

Making transgenic bovine cells

Dr Goetz Laible and Marion Woodcock from AgResearch, explain how to generate transgenic bovine cells.

Rights: The University of Waikato

Making transgenic bovine cells

Dr Goetz Laible and Marion Woodcock from AgResearch, explain how to generate transgenic bovine cells.

Rights: The University of Waikato

Step 4. Transfecting bovine cells

The gene construct is incorporated into the of a bovine (cow) using a technique called transfection. During transfection, holes are made in the cell that allow the DNA to enter. The holes can be made by applying an electrical pulse or by adding chemicals to the cells. Once inside the cell, the gene construct may enter the and incorporate into the cell’s genome.

Step 5. Selecting for transgene positive cells

After transfection, an antibiotic is added to select the bovine cells that have incorporated the gene construct. Transgenic bovine cells will survive treatment with an antibiotic, because they contain an antibiotic resistance gene making them resistant to the antibiotic. Cells without the gene construct will have no resistance to the antibiotic and will die. In addition to antibiotic selection, (PCR) is used to check that the bovine cell contains the .

Step 6. Making a transgenic embryo using nuclear transfer

Nuclear transfer is used to create a whole animal from a single transgenic bovine cell.

Nuclear transfer

Dr Goetz Laible, a senior scientist at AgResearch, describes how nuclear transfer is used to generate a whole transgenic animal from a single transgenic bovine cell.

Rights: The University of Waikato

The transgenic bovine cell is fused with a bovine oocyte that has had its chromosomes removed (called an oocyte). An electrical pulse is applied to help fuse the cells. Once fused with the oocyte, the transgenic cell’s chromosomes are reprogrammed to direct development into an . After 7 days, the transgenic embryo will have about 150 cells and can be transferred into a cow for further development to term.

Making a transgenic cow

This interactive shows the techniques used to make transgenic animals at AgResearch in New Zealand.

Molecular biology techniques such as restriction enzyme digests, ligation, tissue culture and nuclear transfer are used to make transgenic animals at AgResearch in New Zealand.

Find out how scientists confirm the cow is transgenic in this related interactive .

Rights: University of Waikato

Step 7. Confirming the cow is transgenic

If the embryo develops to full term, after 9 months, the cow will give birth to a calf. To confirm that the calf is transgenic, scientists can check using:

  • PCR to determine the presence or absence of the transgene

  • quantitative PCR (q-PCR) to determine the number of copies of the transgene

  • fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) to visualise where the transgene is in the and whether the transgene has integrated into more than one chromosome.

When the calf is lactating (either after being induced to lactate or after having its own ), its milk is checked to determine if the transgenic protein is being expressed.

Confirming a cow is transgenic

This interactive shows how scientists confirm a newborn calf is a transgenic animal.

View the steps AgResearch scientists use to produce a transgenic cow in this related interactive .

Rights: University of Waikato

Useful links

This video describes two methods for developing transgenic mice to study human genetic diseases and is from the BioInteractive website.

Nuclear transfer animation is a video animation of the nuclear transfer process, from the BioInteractive website.

Published: 24 February 2010,Updated: 24 February 2010