Regulating transgenic cow research
Scientists at AgResearch must apply for approval to work with transgenic animals. If their application is approved, they follow strict guidelines for care and containment of the animals.
Transgenic cows are new organisms
In New Zealand, transgenic cows are classed as new organisms and are regulated by the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (HSNO) Act. The HSNO Act is overseen by the EPA, the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA). The EPA provides rules rules and regulations for introducing any hazardous substances or new organisms to New Zealand.
Applying to work with transgenic organisms
Scientists at AgResearch must apply to EPA before they can begin their research. EPA evaluates the benefits and risks of any research and decides whether the work can begin. It also encourages public submissions on applications. Public submissions are a valuable means of contributing to decision-making because they raise issues and provide a variety of perspectives.
Anyone can make a submission on an application, which can support it, oppose it or support some parts and oppose others. Applications to EPA can be viewed on the EPA website.
Consultation with Māori
As part of the HSNO Act, scientists at AgResearch consult with Māori at a local and national level through meetings or hui. Together, they consider the risks and benefits an application may pose to Māori culture or traditional relationships with ancestral lands, water, sites, wāhi tapu, valued flora and fauna or other taonga.
Regulations, consultations and monitoring
The Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (HSNO) Act is administered by the Environmental Resource Management Agency (ERMA). Tim Hale discusses what this means for the transgenic cows at the Ruakura farm. He explains the application process and the public consultation that takes places. Also discussed is the importance of on-going monitoring of soil, pasture and groundwater and monitoring for horizontal gene transfer. (Note: ERMA was disestablished in June 2011 and its functions were incorporated into the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA).)
2018 update: audits of the Ruakura containment facility carried out by the Ministry for Primary Industries from 2011-2017 confirm and verify compliance with the facility and operator approvals and thereby EPA/MPI Standards, HSNO and CTO approvals.
The containment facility
Tim Hale discusses running the farm at Ruakura and the regulations that must be met.
Questions to consider
Why do transgenic cows need to be contained?
What legislation stipulates the regulations that Tim needs to adhere to?
2018 update: Tim is required to produce an annual report for the Environmental Protection Authority. Annual audits are carried out by the Ministry for Primary Industries (formerly MAF). Audits from 2011-2017 confirm and verify compliance.
Animal containment facility
Transgenic cows in the containment facility
Transgenic cows are kept in an animal containment facility at Ruakura in Hamilton. They live outside and are fed on pasture.
The EPA may place restrictions or require certain standards to be followed before giving approval for transgenic research work. For example, the transgenic cows at AgResearch are kept in a special containment facility at Ruakura and the following standards are adhered to:
Double 2 metre high fencing.
Each cow has two forms of ID (for example, an ear tag and microchip).
Extensive animal records are kept.
Transgenic animals cannot leave the facility.
Strict rules for waste disposal.
Environmental monitoring.
Restricted access.
The animal containment facility is monitored by the EPA and is audited annually.
Secure fencing
The transgenic animal containment facility at AgResearch is similar to a quarantine facility and is surrounded by 2 rows of 2 metre high fencing.
Disposing of waste on the farm
All waste materials from the transgenic cow facility must be disposed of on site. Milk is treated by fermentation, then diluted and sprayed over the pasture. After consultation with local Māori, it was agreed that all animal carcases would be buried on site.
Monitoring environmental impact
As part of the EPA approval process, AgResearch monitors the soil, pasture and groundwater on the facility to assess the impact of the transgenic cattle on the environment. Soil samples are tested to see whether transgenes from the cows have been transferred to soil bacteria – a process called horizontal gene transfer. To date, there is no evidence of this happening.
Future of transgenic cow research
AgResearch applied to continue its transgenic cow research programme in November 2009 and the application was approved in 2010. While AgResearch still maintains its containment facility, the bulk of its research now focuses on pastoral farming and funding for biomedical research has ceased.
In its 2017 report to the EPA, AgResearch said that it housed around 40 transgenic cows in its Waikato facility – almost all for casein and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) research. One MBP cow born in 2013 represented the transgenic line. She gave birth to a healthy male Hereford-cross calf in 2016 but she was euthanised in 2017 due an injury.
