Energy requirements of the body
The macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oils) we consume in our diet help to supply the energy needed by the body to keep it working. This energy is used to drive the complex chemical, mechanical and electrical systems of the body. The rate of energy release from macronutrients by chemical processes occurring in the body is known as metabolic rate.
Metabolic rates
The amount of energy needed to keep the body functioning in a resting, awake and fasting state in a comfortably warm environment is called the resting metabolic rate (RMR).
RMR varies from one person to another due to the following influences:
Total daily energy expenditure
Percentage breakdown of total daily energy expenditure. The three main components are resting metabolic rate, physical activity and the thermic effect of food.
Sex – males release energy from their food 5–7% faster than females.
Size – the more surface area a person has, the greater is the RMR.
Body composition – the higher the ratio of lean tissue to fat tissue, the higher is the RMR.
Thyroid hormone – this hormone stimulates resting metabolism. Too little and the RMR drops.
Age – the younger the individual, the higher is the RMR for a given size and sex.
Other factors – fever, certain drugs like caffeine, pregnancy, lactation and emotions all increase the RMR.
A healthy boy in the 12–14 year old age group, of average height and weight, has an RMR of about 6,500 kilojoules per day. For a girl of similar age, the figure would be about 5,500 kilojoules per day.
The total metabolic rate is the amount of energy used by the body in carrying out all of its activities. It is often expressed in kilojoules per day.
The factors that determine the total metabolic rate are:
resting metabolic rate
the energy needed to do all kinds of muscular work, from sitting up in bed to very strenuous physical labour or exercise
the thermic effect of food.
It takes energy to metabolise foods. For example, carbohydrates and fats have a thermic effect of about 5% whereas protein is about 30%. This means that, to metabolise 100 kilojoules of carbohydrate, 5 kilojoules is needed, leaving the body with 95 kilojoules of useful energy. In comparison, to metabolise 100 kilojoules of protein, 30 kilojoules is needed, leaving the body with 70 kilojoules.
On average for a mildly active person, about 60% of the body’s total daily energy expenditure is due to resting metabolism, about 32% of the body’s energy expenditure comes from physical activity and another 8% comes from the thermic effect.
Using the RMR figures given above, this means that the boy’s total metabolic rate is about 11,000 kilojoules per day and the girl’s is 9,200 kilojoules per day.
Adolescent diet
In this video clip, Carolyn Cairncross, a nutritionist with the New Zealand Nutrition Foundation, describes some of the key components that should be included in the adolescent diet. She also provides advice on healthy eating practices such as eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables, keeping the body in a well hydrated state, not skipping meals and avoiding energy drinks high in caffeine.
Equation for calculating RMR
A relatively simple way of determining resting metabolic rate is to use an equation known as the Mifflin equation. It is based on body mass (w), height (h), age (a) and sex.
Although it does not take ethnicity or amount of fat tissue to lean tissue into account, it is still a good predictive measure.
The formula is:
Males: RMR = (10 x w) + (6.25 x h) - (5 x a) + 5
Females: RMR = (10 x w) + (6.25 x h) - (5 x a) - 161
For a teenage boy of body mass 60 kg, height 165 cm, age 14 years:
RMR
= (10 x 60) + (6.25 x 165) - (5 x 14) + 5
= 600 + 1,031.25 - 70 + 5
= 1,566.25 calories x 4.18 to convert to kilojoules
= 6,546.9kJ per day
For a teenage girl of body mass 50 kg, height 163 cm, age 14 years:
RMR
= (10 x 60) + (6.25 x 165) - (5 x 14) + 5
RMR
= (10 x 50) + (6.25 x 163) - (5 x 14) - 161
= 1,287.75 calories x 4.18 to convert to kilojoules
= 5,382.8 kJ per day
Balancing energy in and energy out
Balancing energy intake by eating food with output through resting metabolism, growth, exercise and digesting food is one of the key components of maintaining health and wellbeing.
Energy balance
The scales represent the idea of balancing energy in through food and energy out through resting metabolism, exercise, growth and energy needed to digest food.
A simplified energy balance equation looks like this: energy in = energy out.
If insufficient food is eaten, there is a negative energy balance, resulting in weight loss.
If too much food is eaten, there is a positive energy balance, and the excess energy is stored as body fat resulting in weight gain.
Healthy children and adolescents (until they stop growing) are in a state of positive energy balance – weight gain. The extra kilojoules are used primarily to increase the amount of important body tissues such as bone, muscle, blood and body organs. Some of this extra may also be stored as body fat, which can be used later as a source of energy. A negative energy balance will not allow for proper growth and development, limiting the normal weight gains associated with children and adolescents.
For adults, the situation is different since growth and development have reached a peak. To maintain health and wellbeing, it is recommended that there is a balance between energy in and energy out.
Related content
The foods we eat supply the energy needed by the body to drive its complex chemical, mechanical and electrical systems. Where does this energy come from, how is it locked into food molecules and how is it released? Discover more in the article Unlocking the energy in foods.
Guiding food choices explores the concept of balancing the foods we eat with the energy requirements of our lifestyles
Activity ideas
In the activity Calculating RMR and daily energy output students calculate their RMR (resting metabolic rate) and use this to calculate the energy cost of various activities.
In Sorting food into groups students are encouraged to think about foods and group them according to their own categorisation system. Students then do online research regarding food energy and healthy food recommendations and revise their grouping systems in light of the new knowledge.
The goal of the Make a snack bar activity is to make an appealing snack bar while understanding that energy from food components should match energy needs.
Useful links
These websites have helpful information:
The NZ Nutrition Foundation – energy values of different nutrients
TKI Food and nutrition section – everyday and occasional foods
