Zebrafish make a difference
Dr Don Love and his team are using zebrafish as a research tool to study heritable diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Zebrafish
Zebrafish are an example of a model organism. Model organisms are non-human species used by scientists to better understand particular biological research questions.
What is muscular dystrophy?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a neuromuscular disease and is one of 9 types of muscular dystrophy. It results in progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. First, the voluntary muscles become weak. Later, involuntary muscles like the heart and diaphragm stop functioning. Advances in cardiac and respiratory care mean that people who have DMD are living longer, but there is currently no cure, and the disease is fatal.
DMD is caused by a defect in the gene coding for dystrophin protein. Dystrophin is produced inside muscle cells and provides structural support by anchoring the internal cytoskeleton to the cell membrane.
The dystrophin gene is found on the X chromosome and is recessive. This means that the disease primarily affects boys (males receive only one X chromosome at fertilisation, and so the recessive allele cannot be “overridden” by a normal allele on a second X chromosome, as would happen in a female. A daughter would only get the disease if her father were affected and her mother is a carrier; this is rare).
DMD affects approximately 1 in 3,000 live male births.
Using fish to study human muscular dystrophy
Dr Don Love and his team at Auckland University are using zebrafish as a tool to study gene expression in heritable diseases such as DMD.
Why zebrafish?
Staff at Auckland University's Zebrafish Breeding Facility explain why these small fish are so useful.
Why zebrafish?
Staff at Auckland University's Zebrafish Breeding Facility explain why these small fish are so useful.
Fish can naturally develop a version of muscular dystrophy. These fish, called sapje mutants, have been used to study muscular dystrophy in the past. Although their symptoms do not precisely mirror the human disease, these mutant fish do offer insight into certain disease outcomes that have received little attention in human DMD patients.
Working with zebrafish models of DMD such as the sapje mutants has implications for the development of suitable treatments for the human disease.
Giving a fish muscular dystrophy
In order to study the human version of the disease in an animal model (because it would be impossible to experiment on humans), Dr Love and his team have to find a way of giving zebrafish the same version (or allele) of the gene that causes the disease in humans. Scientists have several strategies to do this, some more effective than others.
Leaving a gene intact, but preventing the protein product from being expressed (or made) is called down-regulation. Down-regulating the expression of the dystrophin gene causes a decrease in the production of dystrophin protein. This has the same overall effect as a cell which has the DMD allele and consequently does not make dystrophin.
A technique, based on RNA interference (RNAi) looks promising. RNAi works by creating an RNA molecule which binds by complementary base pairing to the RNA transcript produced from the dystrophin gene. This results in the formation of a double-stranded RNA molecule, which is degraded by natural processes within the cell.
RNAi leads to cellular breakdown (cleavage) of the dystrophin RNA transcript so that it can’t be translated, and the dystrophin protein is not made.
In order to down-regulate a targeted gene you need to know the base sequence of that gene (so that you can create a DNA sequence which will code for a complementary RNAi sequence).
Figuring out DNA sequences is still a lot like trying piece together a large puzzle, as PhD student Daniel Lai explains in the video The dystrophin gene sequence.
In 2024, a New Zealander became the first person in the world to receive a drug being trialled that targets muscle cells and ‘silences’ expression of the DUX4 gene responsible for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.
Recognising the mutants
The diseased fish are created by causing mutations in their DNA. But finding out if you have been successful in creating a mutation is not as easy as you might think – as highlighted in the video Recognising mutants.
The zebrafish model
Once the fish is expressing the DNA code the scientists want in the way they want (in this case, it is replicating the effects of muscular dystrophy) it becomes a model which scientists can use in order to better understand the pathways of the disease. It also provides a useful system in which to test the effectiveness of potential treatments.
Genes and drugs
Some medical drugs work by turning on a gene which can compensate for the defective activity of another gene. PhD student Daniel Lai explains how this might offer a potential treatment for some patients with muscular dystrophy (where dystrophin protein is not made)?
But even if the treatment works in zebrafish, how useful will the research be to humans?
Dr Love explains how to gain knowledge of the very complex by looking at the slightly less complex in the video But can you really compare humans to zebrafish?
The ethics
Giving a zebrafish a human disease, such as DMD, is subject to strict ethical monitoring as explained in the article Ethics and zebrafish. Getting approval for their work is a vital first step in any project Dr Love and his team plan to carry out. This is a requirement under the Animal Welfare Act, 1999.
Zebrafish in the lab
Zebrafish, Danio rerio, are native to the slow, warm fresh waters of the Ganges River. Keeping them safely in the lab requires these conditions to be mimicked. Peter Cattin tells us what is involved in the video Looking after zebrafish.
Zebrafish spawning
How do scientists control the spawning of their zebrafish?
Zebrafish spawning
How do scientists control the spawning of their zebrafish?
The rapid and manipulable The zebrafish life cycle is a great asset to scientists, and means that these fish are such a useful research tool.
Spawning is the process by which fish lay their eggs. Keeping track of which eggs are fertilised by which sperm is an important in zebrafish research, so it is useful to be able to control this reproductive process.
Zebrafish in the classroom
Zebrafish are available from most pet shops. They are inexpensive, and much of the embryonic development that Dr Love and his team of scientists observe in their research is visible with the average school light microscope.
Having zebrafish in the lab for scientific purposes requires ethical approval. To find out more about getting ethical approval for using animals in your classroom, visit the New Zealand Association of Science Educators Animal Ethics page.
Nature of science
The use of models is an engaging way to gain first-hand experience in science. The New Zealand Curriculum Investigating in science achievement aim introduces simple models in levels 3-4. Students are directed to develop and carry out more complex investigations, including models, in levels 5 and above.
Useful link
Find out more about zebrafish and modelling human disease in this University of Auckland video.
Daniel Lai published his PhD thesis Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: From diagnostics to disease modelling in 2012.
Read about the use of RNAi gene therapy in this University of Auckland article.
