Tēnei mea te hekaheka
He puna koiora puiaki te wao nui a Tāne. Waihoki, ko Aotearoa anake te kāinga e tupu māori ai te nuinga o ōna hanga ora.
Ko ngā hekaheka tētahi o ngā aitanga a Tāne. Ko ngā tipu (arā, ngā rākau , ngā otaota) me ngā kīrehe (pērā i te kiore , i te manu, i te ngārara) ētahi atu. Arā ētahi momo hekaheka i āta mōhiotia e ngā tūpuna , i whaihua, i noho taonga hoki ki a rātou.
Ko ngā hekaheka tētahi waitohu o te āhua o te tau, o te kaupeka e heke mai ana. E ai ki ngā tūpuna , mēnā i nui te hua o te hekaheka, o te harore , he tau tūpuhi ka whai i muri mai, e iti ai ērā kai pērā i te manu, i te huawhenua.
Ka whakamāramatia ētahi o ngā painga o te hekaheka i Ngā mātauranga me te whakamahi a te Māori i ngā hekaheka. Engari me tīmata ake i te whakautu i ētahi pātai matua mō te hekaheka, pēnei i ēnei: He aha tēnei mea, te hekaheka? Kitea ai te hekaheka i hea?
Te pihi-haunga
Ka puta ake te pihi-haunga i tētahi hanga pēnei i te hēki te āhua. He rite ki te kiko pirau te haunga, kia taetae mai ai te ngaro.
He aha tēnei mea te hekaheka? Kitea ai i hea?
Me kī kei ngā wāhi katoa te hekaheka – kei te hau takiwā e kapohia atu nei ki ō pūkahukahu, kei te maha noa atu o ngā kai ka pau i a koe, kei te oneone ka takahia e te waewae, kei ngā rākau , kei ngā otaota e karapoti ana i a koe, kei ngā mirumiru i te hukahuka kitea ai i ngā wai o te kōawa, kei runga, kei roto anō i a koe! He hanga māori noa te hekaheka, engari me uaua ka kitea, i te mea he tino moroiti ētahi, kei te noho huna rānei ki ō rātou kāinga noho. He nui hoki ngā momo kāinga o te hekaheka – he poro rākau pea, he oneone, he tipu, he kararehe, he ngārara, he aha atu rānei, ko taua mea rā tāna kai. He noho hoki te hekaheka ki runga tonu, ki roto tonu rānei i tana kai!
Fungal kingdom
Dr Peter Buchanan, of Landcare Research NZ Ltd, introduces the wonderful world of fungi. There are more fungal species than there are plant species, and they have a range of roles, both positive and negative. Fungi are important recyclers of nutrients in the forest and help plants take up minerals from the soil.
E ai ki te pūtaiao Pākehā , ehara te hekaheka i te tipu, pēnei i te rākau , i te otaota. Ko tā te tipu, he hanga i āna ake kai i roto i ōna rau, mā te whakamahi i te aho o Tamanuiterā me tētahi haurehu kei te hau takiwā, arā, ko te hauhā (CO2). Kāore e taea e te hekaheka tēnei mahi. Me tiki kē te hekaheka i te kai māna i wāhi kē – i ngā puna kai ora, i ngā puna kai mate anō hoki. He pērā anō te kīrehe – kāore e waihanga i āna ake kai. Engari ko te rerekē o te kīrehe, ka oreore, ka neke haere ki te kimi kai māna. Tēnā ia ko te hekaheka, kāore e neke. Nō reira, me pēhea te hekaheka e kimi kai ai māna?
Ngā mea ora – e hia katoa ngā momo?
Ngā mātāmuatanga koiora i Aotearoa, me te rahi o tēnā o tēnā i runga i te maha o ōna momo kua whakaingoatia.
I whakahāngaitia mai i Gordon, D.P. (ed) 2009. New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1: Kingdom Animalia - Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuteromstomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
Kua oti kē te kī ake he tino rerekē te hekaheka i te rāka u me ngā hanga oreore. He tino huhua hoki ngā momo. He maha ake ngā momo hekaheka i ngā ngahere o Aotearoa i ngā momo tipu. Ā, he huhua ake i tērā ngā momo ngārara me ērā atu hanga oreore. Noho tahi ai te manomano o ngāi hekaheka, o ngāi tipu, o ngāi kīrehe i te wao o Tāne. He tini hoki ngā hononga i waenganui i a rātou. Ko tētahi o ngā momo hononga, ko ngā māwhaiwhai kai. Pērā anō i a tātou te tangata, e ora ai, e tupu ai te hekaheka, me whiwhi kai, me whiwhi wai, me whiwhi hāora (O2) anō hoki mai i te hau takiwā. Engari kāore te hekaheka e ngaungau i āna kai, kāore e inu rawa i te wai, kāore hoki e whakahā! Ko tāna kē, he whakaputa i ngā io tarapī tini māioio, he io tokomanga. Ka kīia ēnei io he torohihi (he hyphae ki te reo Pākehā ).
He angiangi te kiri whakawaho o te torohihi. Ka whakawhiti te kai, te wai me te hāora mā te kiri tonu, ka uru ki roto , ki te pūtau ora o te hekaheka. Ka kīia tēnei mahi ko te mitimitinga. Ā, ko ngā para, pērā i te hauhā, ka whakawhiti ki waho, mā te puta atu i te kiri i tērā atu taha o te pūhihi. Kāore e pūmau te āhua o ngā pūhihi. Hei tauira , he rerekē te āhua o ngā torohihi o te harore i te wā e kai ana tēnei momo hekaheka, tēnā i te wā e noho ai aua torohihi hei wāhanga tonu o ngā kiko o te harore . I te harore , he mano tini ngā torohihi ka āta noho tahi ki tōna anō tauira e tika ana mō te harore . Ko te āhua o ngā torohihi ka kitea nuitia, he pēnei i te miro mā, āhua rite nei ki te miro o te pūngāwerewere te angiangi, e tipu ana i ngā rau mate kei te papa o te ngahere , i raro rānei i te hiako o te rākau kua pirau haere. Ka taea hoki te whakatipu torohihi ki te pae porowhita, ki tētahi pia whakatipu.
Hei ako i ētahi atu mea e pā ana ki ngā hurihanga ora o te hekaheka me te hanga o te hekaheka, tirohia Ngā hurihanga ora o te hekaheka – ngā pua atua me ētahi atu hanga.
He hapori torohihi
He hapori torohihi (te wāhanga kame o te hurihanga ora o te hekaheka) e tipu ana ki te pia whakatipu i roto i te pae porowhita i te taiwhanga pūtaiao.
Mō āhea kitea nuitia ai a ngāi hekaheka?
Ka rerekē te āhua o Tāne-mahuta i tēnā, i tēnā kaupeka o te tau. I te kōanga, ko te whānautanga mai o ngā pīpī tētahi o ōna tino tohu . I te raumati, kua hoihoi te wao i te kitā a te kihikihi me te tangi tīkākā a ētahi atu pepeke. Kia ngahuru, ko te wā tēnā e kaha kitea ai ngā hekaheka. He maha hoki ngā momo hekaheka ka whakaputa i ngā ropihua i te ngahuru, i te wā kua nui ake te ua, kua mātao haere te whenua , kua kore te maroke me te wera o te raumati.
He puruhekaheka ngārahu i te tawai
Tipu ai te puruhekaheka ngārahu i ngā wāhi kua paratī atu te waipiapia ki te kahiwi o te rākau. Ka tipu te puruhekaheka, ka noho ki tōna anō pūnaha hauropi motuhake i te rakau. I tēnei whakaahua nei, e tipu ana te puruhekaheka ki te tawai.
Ki te kuhu koe i te wao a Tāne i te ngahuru, kia tūpato te takahi haere o te waewae. Ā, kia tino pēnei i ngā ngahere ko te mānuka , ko te kānuka, ko te tawai rānei te tino rākau . He maha ngā momo hekaheka ka piri ki ngā pakiaka o ēnei tū rāka u me ngā oneone e pātata ana. He āwhina tā ngā hekaheka i aua rākau ki te kapo i te kai me te wai o roto i te oneone. Ki te tupou koe ki te kato i tētahi harore e tipu ana i raro i ēnei tū rāka u i te ngahuru, hei te wā ka pā tō ringa ki te harore , kua honoa koe ki ngā pakiaka o te rākau e huna ana i roto i te oneone. Ā, ina oti i a koe taua harore te kato, ka mahi tonu ngā torohihi kai o te hekaheka i tā rātou mahi – ka āwhina tonu i ngā pakiaka ki te kapo oranga mō te rākau . Arā ētahi atu rākau a Tāne he noho tahi ētahi momo hekaheka ki ō rātou pakiaka, he āwhina i te rākau ki te kapo kai māna, engari kāore aua hekaheka e whakaputa ropihua rite ki te harore te āhua.
Te whāomoomotanga
New Zealand conservation and fungi
Dr Peter Buchanan, of Landcare Research NZ Ltd, talks about the particular dilemmas faced in conserving native fungi. While many of our fungi are endangered, they also cause disease, sometimes on rare plants. How do scientists decide what to save?
Heoi anō, arā ētahi hekaheka kua noho mōrearea, pērā i ētahi atu puiaki o Aotearoa – manu mai, rākau mai. Kua kore ō rātou kāinga taketake i te wao a Tāne, he āhuatanga anō rānei kua pā ki a rātou, ko tō rātou onge te hua. He mea nui kia manaakitia te wao tapu , kia ora ai ngā tini aitanga a Tāne – te hekaheka, te manu, te ngokingoki, te rākau , te aha atu.
Ki konei koe ako ai i ētahi atu kōrero mō te Whāomoomo i ngā hekaheka o Aotearoa.
Ngā kōrero me ngā whakataukī
Ka pihi ake hoki ngā hekaheka a Tāne-mahuta i ngā kōrero, ngā whakataukī me ngā waiata .
Werewere-kōkako
E kitea ana te werewere-kōkako (Entoloma hochstetteri) i te tāra $50 o Aotearoa (te hoahoa o te tau 2016). E whakaahua ana i tētahi paki a Tūhoe mō te kōkako me te werewere-kōkako i te ngahere i Pureora. Kei tētahi huinga pane-kuīni anō, e ono ngā whakaahua hekaheka o roto, i puta i te tau 2004.
Hei tauira , ‘He harore rangitahi’: Kīia ai ngā tāngata kore take ki te mahi, he harore rangitahi (Keane 2007). Arā, kotahi rā noa pea e mahi ana, e whaihua ana te mahi, kua pau te hau.
E ai ki ngā mōhio, kāore he painga ki te tangata, taha tinana nei, o te werewere-kōkako (Entoloma hochstetteri). Engari i uru tonu ki ngā kōrero, ki ngā whakataukī .
Kātahi te kai mā te mata, mā te kāmera, ko tēnei harore . Kitea ai pea i a koe e hīkoi ana i te wao, hahae ana tōna kikorangi kitakita, ko ngā kākāriki me ngā parauri o Tānemahuta hei tuarongo. Kei te papa e tipu ana, ko ōna torohihi kei ngā rau me ērā atu otaota pōpopo kei te oneone. Ko te ngahuru te tino wā e pihi ake ai tōna ropihua kikorangi, engari he waimarie te tangata ka kai atu ōna mata i a ia. I te wā e kahurangi ana te harore , he māwhero kē ngā pua atu a e tipu ana i ōna pihapiha. Ki te mahia he tānga pua atua, hei reira kitea ai. He puananī ngā pua, arā, ko te hau te kaikawe.
Āe rānei kua kite koe i te harore nei i ngā tāra me ngā pane-kuīni o Aotearoa ? He kōrero tā Tūhoe mō te werewere-kōkako, e whakaataria ana ki te tāra $50. E ai ki taua kōrero, ko te kahurangi o ngā werewere o te kōkako, nō te harore nei. Ka mukumuku te kōkako i tōna pāpāringa ki te werewere-kōkako, kikorangi tonu atu ōna werewere. Ko tā tātou tāra $50 anake te tāra puta noa i te ao he harore kei runga.
He whakaaro mō ētahi ngohe
He patapatai mō ngāi hekaheka
I tēnei patapatainga, ka whakamātauria te mōhio o ngā ki ngā kōrero mō te hekaheka i tētahi uiuinga tuihono, ā-pepa rānei. He pai te patapatainga nei hei mahi tuatahi e kitea ai e pēhea rawa ana te mōhio o ngā ki te hekaheka, hei aromatawai whakakapi rānei, hei mahi hāhau pārekareka rānei e tūtaki ai ngā a ki ētahi o ngā āhuatanga, ngā wāhanga me ngā painga o te hekaheka.
He kōrero anō e hāngai ana
Te puruhekaheka ngārahu me te pūnaha hauropi waipiapia
Hei tirotiro i te hononga o te tawai ki te puruhekaheka ngārahu, pānuitia te tuhinga Te pūnaha hauropi o te waipiapia.
He hononga whaitake
I mōhio rānei koe?
E whakaarotia ana ko te hauropi rahi katoa o te ao, he hekaheka. Tēnā tirohia a Armillaria solidipes, he hekaheka nō Amerika. Ko tētahi hapori, kua neke atu i te 2,000 tau e ora ana, ā, kua toro ōna kāwai i te oneone o tētahi e kia kapi i a ia tētahi 9 kiromita pūrua (he nui ake i ngā papa whutupōro 1,000)! He nui noa atu tērā i te kahurangi. Kāore anō i tirohia te rahi o ngā hapori i nei.
Tohutoro
Keane, B. 2007. Kōrero taiao. Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. https://teara.govt.nz/mi/korero-taiao; https://teara.govt.nz/en/korero-taiao-sayings-from-nature/page-2 (accessed 16 July 2017).
He whakamihi
I hua ake tēnei rauemi i tētahi aratohu pūtaiao mā ngā , ko Ngā Hekaheka o te ingoa. I tuhia te aratohu nei e Tākuta Peter Buchanan, o Manaaki ; Tākuta Georgina Stewart, o Te , Te Whare Wānanga o AUT; me Hēni Jacob. He mea tuhi ngā rauemi nei i runga i te aro nui ki te titiro a te Māori ki ēnei āhuatanga.
Tēnei te mihi a te Pokapū Akoranga Pūtaiao ki a Manaaki me ngā kaituhi kua whakaae nei, kua āwhina nei anō hoki i te whakawhitinga o ngā kōrero nei hei rauemi ipurangi. E taea ana tētahi whitihiko o te aratohu mā te pouako te tiki atu i Huia Publishers.
