Observation and science
Observing is something we often do instinctively. It helps us decide, for instance, whether it is safe to cross the road. But observation is simply more than noticing something. It involves perception – we become aware of something through our senses. It also involves the recognition of the importance of what we’re perceiving. Standing on a roadside, our eyes tell us cars are quickly approaching. We recognise that stepping in front of a car is dangerous, so we wait until the road is clear.
Child looking at a plant
Students won’t learn about photosynthesis just by watching a leaf in the Sun, nor will they learn about the nature of science just by doing investigations.
Observation is essential in science. Scientists use observation to collect and record data, which enables them to develop and then test hypotheses and theories. Scientists observe in many ways – with their own senses or with tools like magnifying glasses, thermometers, satellites or stethoscopes. These tools allow for more precise and accurate observations. Tools also help gather information about things beyond our capability to experience firsthand – deep space, for example.
Observation is a skill
Like most skills, observation improves with practice and knowledge. To continue with the roadside analogy, as we grow up and gain more experience with crossing roads, we are able to make better judgements about vehicle speed, distance and safety.
Observation in science is the same. We learn to observe more scientifically when:
observations are prompted by appropriate questioning
observations are connected with growing background knowledge on the subject or object under observation
we are given the opportunity to share, discuss and debate observations.
For example, we are familiar with water – it is a common substance we interact with many times a day – but we may not have observed it in a scientific manner. Questions like “Does water have a shape?” or “Can you squash water?” can prompt us to observe water in a more meaningful way. The opportunities to experiment with water and discuss our experiences with shaping or squashing it are likely to modify our perception of this familiar substance.
Discussions and observation
We learn to observe more scientifically when we are given the opportunity to discuss our observations.
Observation is just the beginning
Observation is a good way to learn something new or to expand our knowledge, but it is only one component of science. Rather than piling up one observation after another and calling it science, we need to interpret our observations and infer from them. Once we’ve observed that liquid water doesn’t have a shape of its own but takes on the shape of its container, we can infer that this property is shared with other liquids like milk or orange juice – and then debate (or test) if this is true!
Nature of science
Observations yield what scientists call data. Scientists analyse and interpret data in order to figure out how the data informs their hypotheses and theories. Data can be represented by detailed graphs or models, but at the most basic level, data is just recorded observations.
Student activities
The Science Learning Hub has a number of activities to help students develop their observational skills:
The Connected article Listening to the land looks at why it is important to have observations over long periods of time and the need to include mātauranga Māori.
Explore more about the related Nature of science strand Investigating in science.
Professional learning development
Take a look at our professional learning development webinar recordings to learn more about Developing an eagle eye and Making sense of what we see.
The webinar Observology for the classroom shows how observology – a term invented to describe the study of looking –can bring science learning alive in your classroom.
